G. J. Verbiest, T. H. Oosterkamp, M. J. Rost
To pinpoint the physical mechanism that is responsible for the contrast formation in Heterodyne Force Microscopy, we perform a quantitative analysis, in which we compare our experimentally observed contrasts with simulations and calculations. Firstly, we show that the contrasts greatly depend on both the applied contact force and on the precise ultrasonic excitation scheme used. Our analysis shows that we can rule out Rayleigh scattering, variations in sample (visco)elasticity, damping of the ultrasonic tip motion, and ultrasound attenuation in the nanoparticles and finally have to conclude that friction at shaking nanoparticles is the only remaining physical contrast formation mechanism. We find additional evidence for this mechanism in an estimate of the involved energy dissipation.
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.1292
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