1301.7329 (Aron J. Beekman et al.)

Deconfining the rotational Goldstone mode: the superconducting nematic
liquid crystal in 2+1D    [PDF]

Aron J. Beekman, Kai Wu, Vladimir Cvetkovic, Jan Zaanen

The Goldstone theorem states that there should be a massless mode for each spontaneously broken symmetry generator. There is no such rotational mode in crystals, however superconducting quantum nematics should carry rotational Goldstone modes. By generalization of thermal 2D defect mediated melting theory into a 2+1D quantum duality, the emergence of the rotational mode at the quantum phase transition from the solid to the nematic arises as a deconfinement phenomenon, with the unusual property that the stiffness of the rotational mode originates entirely in the dual dislocation condensate.

View original: http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.7329